Which Congenital Heart Diseases in Children Require Surgery? Congenital heart diseases are structural abnormalities that develop while the heart is forming in the womb. While some heart conditions require only regular monitoring, others must be treated surgically shortly after birth or during childhood. Today, thanks to advances in pediatric cardiac surgery, many congenital heart diseases can be treated successfully. 1. Hole in the Heart (VSD and ASD) Openings between the chambers of the heart can affect blood circulation. - VSD: A hole between the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. - ASD: An opening between the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. Large holes can place a strain on the heart and lungs. Openings that do not close on their own or cause serious circulatory problems can be closed surgically or, in suitable patients, using a catheter-based procedure. 2. Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease involving four structural abnormalities of the heart occurring together. It can cause bluish discoloration, rapid breathing, and feeding difficulties in babies. Surgical treatment is usually required. 3. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) This is a serious congenital heart disease in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are connected in the reverse of their normal arrangement. Babies may experience oxygen deficiency and bluish discoloration from birth. In most cases, surgery is needed within the first few weeks of life. 4. Coarctation of the Aorta This condition involves narrowing of a section of the aorta, the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body. Severe narrowing can make the heart work harder and cause circulatory problems and high blood pressure. Treatment may involve surgery or a catheter-based intervention. 5. Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) This condition involves openings in the central part of the heart along with structural abnormalities of the heart valves. It can lead to heart failure and increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. Early surgical repair may be necessary, particularly in complete AVSD cases. 6. Pulmonary Atresia This is a serious heart condition in which the valve or outflow tract that allows blood to flow from the heart to the lungs has not developed properly. Urgent treatment may be required during the newborn period. Depending on the heart's anatomy, treatment may involve catheter-based procedures, surgery, or staged interventions. What Are the Symptoms of Congenital Heart Disease in Children? Possible symptoms of congenital heart disease include: - Bluish discoloration of the lips and skin - Rapid breathing and shortness of breath - Fatigue and sweating during feeding - Poor weight gain - Frequent respiratory tract infections - Easy fatigue and delayed development These symptoms may not occur in every child. Pronounced bluish discoloration or severe breathing difficulties require urgent medical assessment. How Is the Decision to Operate Made? Not every congenital heart disease requires surgery. Treatment decisions depend on the type of condition, the severity of the structural abnormality, the child's age, and their overall health. After an evaluation by pediatric cardiology specialists, including echocardiography and any other necessary tests, the most appropriate treatment plan is developed together with the pediatric cardiac surgery team. Why Is Early Diagnosis Important? Identifying congenital heart diseases early can help prevent permanent damage to the heart and lungs. With treatment provided at the right time, many children can lead healthy and active lives. However, the need for long-term follow-up varies depending on the type of condition. Remember: Early diagnosis, specialist evaluation, and timely intervention for congenital heart diseases can directly affect a child's quality of life in the future.